Haiti: Lawyers Without Borders Canada calls on the head of the UN, Antonio Guterres to condemn the shocking remarks of his predecessor Ban Ki-moon against the victims of cholera

Monday, January 24, 2022 ((rezonodwes.com))–

Two letters sent on October 12, 2021 to the United Nations General Secretariat and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in the face of the shocking words of Mr. Ban Ki-moon, against the victims of cholera in Haiti.

Lawyers Without Borders Canada made these two letters public on January 21, 2022.

In his memoirs, Resolved: United Nations in a Divided World, published June 15, 2021, Ban Ki-Moon accuses cholera victims of fraud, attempted extortion and improper embezzlement. Serious statements, which go to against the official apologies issued in 2016 by Ban Ki-moon himself, on behalf of the UN.

The current silence of the UN is unacceptable. The Blue Helmets are responsible for the introduction of cholera in Haiti. An epidemic which will have finally caused between 10,000 and 30,000 deaths and which will have infected more than 820,000 Haitians.

We ask the Secretary General of the United Nations, Mr. Antonio Guterres and to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ms. Michelle Bachelet, to expressly condemn the remarks of the former Secretary General and to reiterate his apologies and his support for the victims of cholera in Haiti.

Taina Noster (CBSA)

His excellence

Antonio Guterres

United Nations Secretary General

Subject: Statements relating to the victims of cholera in Haiti – Memoirs of Ban Ki-Moon

Your excellence,

We would like to emphasize your commitment to reforming the United Nations system with the aim of “reversing the setbacks observed in recent years by paying attention to the breadth of rights […], their universality and their indivisibility, by ensuring accountability and taking into account the plight of victims”1. We are convinced that these efforts are of the utmost importance to strengthen universal peace, protect the most vulnerable populations and maintain the status of the United Nations as a pioneering organization in the field of human rights.

We are therefore honored to address this letter to you in your capacity as Secretary-General of the United Nations (UNSG) concerning the recent statements of the former UNSG, His Excellency Ban Ki-Moon, on the victims of the cholera epidemic. in Haiti.

Introduced to the country in 2010 by a contingent of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH)2, cholera has since infected more than 820,0003 people and killed between 10,0004 and 30,0005 Haitians. Despite the tireless fight of cholera victims and their representatives for more than 10 years, the United Nations (UN) has systematically denied its legal responsibility, rejected all claims for compensation and refused to establish the procedure provided for in the Agreement on the Status of the United Nations Operation in Haiti (SOFA) to allow victims to fully exercise their rights, including that of an effective remedy6. In 2016, the situation led the Special Rapporteur on human rights and extreme poverty, Mr. Philip Alston, to call the UN's approach "morally inadmissible, legally indefensible and politically counterproductive". 7 while undermining “the overall credibility of the Organization and […] the integrity of the Office of the Secretary-General”.8

Since 2016, the UN has taken several initiatives to try to respond to the suffering and loss suffered by the victims. As such, we would like to acknowledge the apologies

1 Guterres, A. Vision Statement for the Selection and appointment of the Secretary-General of the United Nations

(23 March 2020), Online: un.org <

https://www.un.org/pga/75/wp-content/uploads/sites/100/2021/03/Letter-PGA-VS.pdf >.

2 Alston, P. Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Doc off NU AG, 71st session, Doc UN A/71/40823 (2016), p. 1-2.

3 MSPP, Report of the National Cholera Surveillance Network (January 2019), Online: mspp.gouv.ht <

https://mspp.gouv.ht/site/downloads/Profil%20statistique%20Cholera%201ere%20SE%202019.pdf >.

4 Ibid.

5 UNGA, A new strategy to fight cholera in Haiti: Report of the Secretary General, Doc off AG UN, 71st sess, Doc UN A/71/620

6 Alston, P. Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Doc off NU AG, 71st session, Doc UN A/71/40823 (2016), p. 1-2.

7 Ibid.

8 Ibid.

addressed to the Haitian people by the former UNSG, Mr. Ban Ki-moon, regarding the role played by the Organization in the epidemic9, as well as the development of the New approach against cholera in Haiti and the creation of the Multi-Partner Trust Fund (MPTF) to financially support its implementation. Although they remain incomplete even if implemented fully and effectively, these initiatives "presented an opportunity to lessen the harm caused by the cholera epidemic, to help rebuild the lives […] of cholera victims, and to begin to repair the damage to the reputation of the United Nations and the credibility of its peacekeeping operations”10.

However, as demonstrated by a feasibility study conducted by Lawyers Without Borders Canada (ASFC) and the Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED), despite these efforts, cholera victims, particularly the most vulnerable among they are still struggling to recover from the significant suffering caused by the epidemic, among other things with regard to the enjoyment of the rights to life, dignity, access to water and sanitation, to health, education, effective remedy and reparation11. In addition, the disease has disproportionately affected women, children and families living in precariousness, which has contributed to their further marginalization. Indeed, in 2019, these categories of people had been identified by the victims themselves as being the hardest hit12. Faced with the loss of thousands of human lives, the whole country and the victims of cholera are still mourning their loved ones and trying somehow to recover from the epidemic. Indeed, "these tragedies are those of children whose future opportunities have been considerably reduced following the loss of a parent, of women who have become single mothers after the death of their spouse, of people who continue to endure physical or psychological disorders and whose access to health care is limited”13.

This is particularly true in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which, by dealing a "second blow" to cholera victims and their families, further underlines the importance and urgency of providing them with adequate assistance. 14 Without adequate assistance for the most severely affected victims, the tragedies suffered by victims are perpetuated, re-victimizing them even more.15 In a context of growing insecurity, rapid spread of more severe variants of COVID -19 and the increased frequency of natural disasters – such as the August 14 earthquake

2021 -, cholera victims remain disproportionately exposed to challenges related to security, public health and climate issues. As the former UNSG said,

9 UN News, “Haiti: Ban Ki-Moon apologizes to the UN and proposes a new plan to fight cholera” (December 1, 2016), Online: UN.org < http://www.un. org/french/newscentre/>.

10 IJDH, Cholera 9 years on: A New Approach? (June 2020), Online: ijdh.org <

http://www.ijdh.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/A4-IDJH-report-EN.pdf >, p. 12.

11ASFC, How to respond to the needs of cholera victims in Haiti? : Feasibility of an individual assistance approach for those most affected by the disease, (2019) Online: asfcanada.ca < https://www.asfcanada.ca/site/assets/files/7187/asfc_etudefaisabilite_cholera. pdf >, p. 11

12 Ibid, p. 19

13 CBSA, How to respond to the needs of cholera victims in Haiti? : Feasibility of an individual assistance approach for those most affected by the disease, (2019) Online: asfcanada.ca < https://www.asfcanada.ca/site/assets/files/7187/asfc_etudefaisabilite_cholera. pdf >, p. 12.

14 UN News, “UN Committed to a brighter future for Haiti, as independent rights experts call for more action on behalf of cholera victims” (April 30, 2020), Online: news.un.org < https://news.un .org/en/story/2020/04/1062962

>.

15 CBSA, How to respond to the needs of cholera victims in Haiti? : Feasibility of an individual assistance approach for those most affected by the disease, (2019) Online: asfcanada.ca < https://www.asfcanada.ca/site/assets/files/7187/asfc_etudefaisabilite_cholera. pdf >, p. 12.

"the cholera epidemic continues to poison relations between the Haitian people and the United Nations", and remains "a stain on United Nations peacekeeping operations and on the Organization as a whole" ].16

Not without surprise, it has come to our attention that, in his memoir entitled Resolved: United Nations in a Divided World, published on June 15, 2021, the former UNSG, His Excellency Ban Ki-Moon, refers to the victims of cholera in these terms:

“I was in disbelief – no, shocked – when, in November 2011, five hundred Haitian victims, along with their families, filed a class action lawsuit against the United Nations and myself as Secretary-General […]. I thought this lawsuit was fraudulent from the start and I was outraged every time I thought of this attempt to extort funds from the United Nations. This effort required significant financial support and knowledge of the American justice system, and it was hard to believe that the people of Haiti would divert resources dedicated to supporting their own population […]. 17 [free translation].

These statements include strong accusations against cholera victims and their representatives, including fraud, attempted extortion and misappropriation of resources. The latter neglect their tireless fight of more than 10 years for the recognition of their sufferings, their losses and their human rights, as well as for their active participation in the decision-making processes and in a more transparent dialogue with the United Nations concerning their needs as as direct victims of the epidemic.

Former UNSG, in his memoirs, questions the right of cholera victims to exercise their rights – including an effective remedy and reparation – and discredits the work of human rights lawyers who diligently represented them over the years. In doing so, it contravenes international human rights standards developed by the UN on the treatment of victims,18 challenging the validity and very credibility of the formal apology issued by the former UNSG in 2016. A valid and adequate apology does indeed part of a holistic and multidimensional response to the needs of victims and their suffering. They aim to promote the search for truth and justice with an emphasis on accountability and reconciliation.19 Given the role of the UNSG, described as "the embodiment of the ideals of the United Nations and of the world, especially those who are poor and vulnerable,”20 the above statements seem contradictory coming from such a former senior UN official.

As such, statements by former UNSG Ban Ki-Moon exacerbate accountability and credibility concerns highlighted in 2016 by former Special Rapporteur Alston regarding the UN's approach to to cholera in Haiti,

16 Ki-moon, B. Resolved: Uniting Nations in a Divided World. Columbia, Columbia University Press, 2021, p. 226.

17 Ibid, p. 224.

18 See in particular: UNGA. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, Doc off, NU AG, 60th sess, DOC NU A/RES /60/147 (2006), ss. 10.

19 CBSA, How to respond to the needs of cholera victims in Haiti? : Feasibility of an individual assistance approach for those most affected by the disease, (2019) Online: asfcanada.ca < https://www.asfcanada.ca/site/assets/files/7187/asfc_etudefaisabilite_cholera. pdf >, p. 36.

20 UNGA, “The role of the Secretary-General”, Online: UN.org <

https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/the-role-of-the-secretary-general >.

including: the central role that maintaining legitimacy, credibility and responsiveness play in the success of UN peacekeeping missions21; the importance for the United Nations to adopt exemplary conduct in order to avoid jeopardizing the rule of law, undermining its credibility as a defender of this respect, and reproducing "the behaviors that it seeks to evolve everywhere else”22; the need to avoid applying a double logic by dealing with human rights violations in accordance with the pillars of the Organization – namely peace and security, development and human rights -23; as well as the importance of preserving the integrity of the United Nations General Secretariat24. Furthermore, it further reinforces the conviction that “the UN has given up on its responsibility for the epidemic and has relegated human rights to the rank of charitable activities”25, as the underlined the current Special Rapporteur Olivier de Schutter.

Although many of the misrepresentations made by the former UNSG on the legal proceedings mentioned above will be corrected by the editor in the next edition, these changes will not erase the revelations as to his position on the responsibility of the UN in the epidemic and on the efforts made by cholera victims to exercise their rights, including an effective remedy.

As the current Secretary-General of the United Nations and spokesperson for a world where all strive to overcome their differences and are willing to compromise to achieve pragmatic solutions, we hope that you can act as an engine of positive change in this situation. While we are fully aware of the implementation challenges and legal liability issues, victims need to be consulted and actively involved in decision-making processes to ensure that their needs are taken into account in a meaningful way. appropriate. Given the seriousness of His Excellency Ban Ki-Moon's remarks, an official statement denouncing them and reiterating the apologies and support of the United Nations for the victims of cholera would send them a powerful message of solidarity and compassion, as well as to the Haitian population in general. This statement would set a positive example for the future of the United Nations and international cooperation more broadly.

If you would like to discuss this issue with us, we would be delighted to discuss this further with you. Additionally, please note that this communication and any response received will be made public on LWBC's website within 14 days. We thank you for your kind consideration on this important matter and look forward to hearing from you.

Please accept, Your Excellency, the assurances of our highest consideration.

21 Alston, P. Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Doc off NU AG, 71st session, Doc UN A/71/40823 (2016), p. 17.

22 Ibid., p. 18.

23 Ibid.

24 Ibid.

25 De Schutter, O. “UN Peacekeepers Brought Cholera Epidemic to Haiti Decade Ago”, Online:

miamiherald.com <

https://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/op-ed/article246730886.html >

Cordially,

Benjamin Vilner, coordinator of the Association of Cholera Victims of Carrefour

(Asosyasyon viktim kolera Kafou – ASOVIKK)

Borgelin Vilner, coordinator of the Cholera Victims Movement

(Mouvman moun viktim kolera – MOMVIKK)

Berthony Clermont, coordinator of the Organization of Cholera Victims in Haiti

(OVICH)

Patrice Florvilus, founder and managing director of the law firm specializing in strategic human rights litigation (CALSDH)

Pascal Paradis, Executive Director of Lawyers Without Borders Canada (ASFC) Gaël Pétillon, Haiti Director of Lawyers Without Borders Canada (ASFC)

Léo Heller, former United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation (2014-2020)

William G. O'Neill, former Chief Legal Officer of the Civil Mission

International in Haiti of the UN (1993-1995)

CC: Amina Mohammed, Deputy Secretary General of the United Nations; Ramsey Ben-Achour, Representative of the Special Envoy for Haiti

October 12, 2021

Her Excellency

Veronica Michelle Bachelet Jeria

High Commissioner for Human Rights

Object: Statements Regarding the Cholera Victims in Haiti – Ban Ki-Moon's Memoirs

Your Excellency:

Firstly, we would like to thank you for your contributions to the cause of human rights and the dismantlement of obstacles to their universal enjoyment, particularly for vulnerable groups. Your dedication to gender equality, children's rights, and social policies aimed at stimulating growth and development while encouraging social cohesion is nothing short of inspiring.

We are honored to address you in your capacity as High Commissioner for Human Rights (HCHR) regarding recent statements made by former Secretary General of the United Nations, his Excellency Ban Ki-Moon, on the cholera outbreak in Haiti.

As you are aware, cholera was brought to the country in 2010 by a contingent serving with the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH).1 Since then, the disease has infected over 820,000.2 and killed between 10,0003 and 30, 0004 Haitians. Despite cholera victims and their representatives' tireless fight of over 10 years, the UN has systematically denied its legal responsibility, rejected all claims for compensation, and refused to establish the procedure provided for in the Status of Force Agreement (SOFA) to allow victims to exercise their rights, including that to effective remedies.5 In 2016, this led the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Mr. Philip Alston, to describe the UN's approach as “morally unconscionable, legally indefensible, and politically self-defeating” ,6 while undermining both “the UN's overall credibility and the integrity of the Office of the Secretary-General”.7

Since then, several steps were taken by the UN towards responding to the suffering and losses of cholera victims. Notably, we salute the former UNSG for his apology to Haitians regarding the UN's role in the epidemic,8as well as the adoption of the New Approach to cholera in Haiti and subsequent creation of the voluntary trust fund (MPTF) to support its financial implementation. While incomplete if fully and effectively implemented, those initiatives “presented an opportunity to reduce the harm of the cholera epidemic, help rebuild the lives […] of cholera victims, and begin repairing the damage to the UN's standing and the credibility of UN peacekeeping” .9

1 Alston, P. Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Off Doc UN GA, 71st session, Doc UN A/71/40823 (2016), p. 1-2.

2 MSPP, Report of the National Cholera Surveillance Network (January 2019), Online: mspp.gouv.ht <

https://mspp.gouv.ht/site/downloads/Profil%20statistique%20Cholera%201ere%20SE%202019.pdf >.

3Ibid.

4UNGA, A new approach to cholera in Haiti: Report by the Secretary-General, Off Doc UN GA, 71st sess, Doc NU A/71/620 (2016). p. 14.

5 Alston, P. Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Off Doc UN GA, 71st session, Doc UN A/71/40823 (2016), p. 1-2

6Ibid.

7Ibid.

8 UN News, “Haiti: Ban Ki-Moon apologizes to the UN and proposes a new plan to fight against cholera” (December 1st, 2016), Online: UN.org < http://www.un. org/french/newscentre/>.

9 IJDH, Cholera 9 years on: A New Approach? (June 2020), Online: ijdh.org, p. 12.

However, despite those efforts, cholera victims, particularly the most vulnerable of them, are still mourning their loved ones and struggling to recover from the extensive suffering caused by the epidemic. Indeed, “[t]hese tragedies are those of the children whose future opportunities have been severely curtailed by the loss of a parent, the women who have become single parents following the death of their spouse, the individuals who continue to suffer from physical or psychological distress and those whose access to health care is limited”.10A feasibility study carried out by Lawyers without Borders Canada (LWBC) and the Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED) showed that, without specific relief for the plight of the most severely affected victims, negative effects are perpetuated over time, notably regarding the enjoyment of rights to life, dignity, water, sanitation, health, education, effective remedies, and reparation.11

Moreover, the disease has disproportionately impacted and contributed to the further marginalization of women, children, and families living in precarious financial situations. In fact, in 2019, those categories had been identified as the hardest hit by the victims themselves.12 These are the families that are still unable to provide for basic necessities following the loss of the main breadwinner, as well as children who had to drop out of school and whose future opportunities have been severely curtailed by the loss of a parent. It also includes numerous women who became single parents or got infected as front-line workers while taking care of the sick in their households, communities, or hospitals, as well as survivors of the disease who continue to suffer from physical or psychological distress and whose access to healthcare is limited.13

This is particularly true in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is further exacerbating those vulnerabilities and disparities by dealing a double blow on cholera victims and their families, once again stressing the importance and urgency of adequate relief.14In a context of growing insecurity, rapid spread of more severe COVID-19 variants, as well as the increased frequency of natural disasters–such as the August 14th earthquake–, cholera victims remain disproportionately exposed to security, public health and climate challenges. As the former UNSG stated, “[t]he cholera epidemic continues to poison the Haitian people's relationship with the United Nations”, remaining “a blemish on UN peacekeeping and on the organization worldwide”.15

Surprisingly, it has come to our attention that, in his memoirs entitled Resolved: Uniting Nations in a Divided World and published on June 15, 2021, former UNSG Ban Ki-Moon, addressed the cholera victims' fight as such:

“I was incredulous—no, shocked—when, in November 2011, five hundred Haiti victims and their families brought a class-action lawsuit against the United Nations and me as its secretary-general […]. I thought this lawsuit was fraudulent from the beginning, and I was incensed every time I thought about this attempt to extort money from the United Nations. The effort required a substantial amount of financial backing and a knowledge of the US legal system, and it was difficult to believe that the Haitian people would divert their resources from helping their own people to obtain either.”16

10LWBC, Meeting the Needs of Victims of Cholera in Haiti: Feasibility of an Individual Assistance Approach for People Most Affected by the Disease, (2019) Online: asfcanada.ca < https://www.asfcanada.ca/site/assets/files /7187/lwbc_feasibilitystudy_cholera.pdf >, p. 12.

11LWBC, Meeting the Needs of Victims of Cholera in Haiti: Feasibility of an Individual Assistance Approach for People Most

Affected by the Disease, (2019) Online: asfcanada.ca <

https://www.asfcanada.ca/site/assets/files/7187/lwbc_feasibilitystudy_cholera.pdf >, p. 11.

12Ibid., p. 19.

13Ibid., p. 12.

14UN News, “UN Committed to a brighter future for Haiti, as independent rights experts call for more action on behalf of cholera

(April 30, 2020), Online: news.un.org < https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1062962 >.

15Ki-Moon, B. Resolved: Uniting Nations in a Divided World. Columbia, Columbia University Press, 2021, p. 226.

16Ibid. p. 224.

The above statements are non-compliant with international human rights standards on the treatment of victims developed by the UN17. They include harmful accusations of fraud, attempts of money extortion, and improper resource diversion towards cholera victims and their representatives. As such, they disregard their tireless fight of over 10 years for the acknowledgment of their suffering, losses and enjoyment of their human rights, as well as their active participation in decision-making processes and a more transparent dialogue with the UN regarding their needs as direct victims of the epidemic.

The former UNSG, in his memoirs, questions and attacks cholera victims' right to exercise their rights–notably to effective remedy and reparation–, and delegitimizes the work of human rights lawyers who represented them diligently over the years. Moreover, whereas effective and adequate apologies are part of a holistic and multidimensional response to the victims and their suffering, and aimed at promoting the search for truth and justice by focusing on accountability and reconciliation,18 the above statements challenge the very validity and credibility of the formal apology issued by the former UNSG in 2016. It is also worth noting that the statements appear conflicting coming from a former UN official of such stature, as they do not reflect the essence of the purposes and principles provided for in the UN Charter, nor that of the UNSG's role, which is described as the “symbol of United Nations ideals and a spokesperson for the interests of the world's peoples, in particular the poor and vulnerable among them”.19

As such, the statements by former UNSG Ban Ki-Moon exacerbate the accountability and credibility concerns highlighted by the former Special Rapporteur, Mr. Alston, in 2016 regarding the UN's approach to cholera in Haiti, notably: the central role that preserving legitimacy, credibility , and responsiveness plays in the success of UN peacekeeping missions20; the importance for the UN to lead by example to avoid undermining the rule of law, diminishing the UN's credibility as an advocate for its respect, and replicating “the very behavior it seeks to modify elsewhere”;21 the need to avoid double standards by addressing human rights violations in accordance with the pillars of the Organization's work–namely peace and security, development, and human rights–;22as well as the importance of upholding the integrity of the Office of the UNSG.23Moreover, it further reinforces the belief that “ the UN has written off its accountability for the epidemic and relegated human rights to charitable endeavours”,24 as the current Special Rapporteur Olivier de Schutter pointed out.

While several misrepresentations made by the former UNSG regarding the aforementioned legal efforts will be corrected by the publisher in the next edition, these changes will not affect what was revealed as his position on UN accountability regarding the epidemic and the cholera victims' efforts to exercise their rights, including to effective remedy.

As the UNHC, established spokeswoman for the most vulnerable and close adviser of the

UNSG on human rights policies within the organization, we are hoping that you can drive

17See notably: UNGA. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, Off Doc UN GA, 60th sess, DOC NU A/RES/60/147 (2006) , art. 10.

18LWBC, Meeting the Needs of Victims of Cholera in Haiti: Feasibility of an Individual Assistance Approach for People Most

Affected by the Disease, (2019) Online: asfcanada.ca <

https://www.asfcanada.ca/site/assets/files/7187/lwbc_feasibilitystudy_cholera.pdf >, p. 36.

19 UNSG, “The role of the Secretary-General”, Online: UN.org .

20Alston, P. Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Off Doc UN GA, 71st session, Doc UN A/71/40823 (2016), p. 17.

21Ibid., 18.

22Ibid.

23Ibid.

24De Schutter, O. “UN Peacekeepers Brought Cholera Epidemic to Haiti Decade Ago”, Online: miamiherald.com <

https://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/op-ed/article246730886.html >.

positive change on this matter by encouraging the current UNSG to make an official statement condemning these harmful characterizations contained in Ban Ki-Moon's statements and reiterating the UN's apology and support in favor of cholera victims through concrete actions. While we are fully aware of the implementation and liability challenges at stake, victims need to be consulted and actively included in decision-making processes to ensure that their needs are adequately taken into consideration. Your support would send a powerful message of solidarity and compassion to cholera victims and the Haitian population in general, while also setting a positive example for the future of the UN, human rights and international cooperation more broadly.

Should you be interested in discussing this matter with us, we would be delighted to further exchange with you. Moreover, please note that this communication and any response received will be made public via the LWBC's website within 14 days. Thank you for your kind consideration on this important matter and we look forward to hearing from your office.

Please accept, your Excellency, the assurances of our highest consideration.

Sincerely,

Benjamin Vilner, Coordinator of Carrefour's Association of Cholera Victims

(Asosyasyon viktim kolera Kafou – ASOVIKK)

Borgelin Vilner, Coordinator of Cholera Victims' Mouvement (Mouvman moun viktim

kolera – MOMVIKK)

Berthony Clermont, Coordinator of Organization of Cholera Victims in Haiti

(Organisation des victimes du choléra en Haïti – OVICH)

Patrice Florvilus, Founder and Executive Director of the Specialized Law Firm in

Strategic Litigation of Human Rights (CALSDH)

Pascal Paradis, Executive Director of Lawyers without Borders Canada (LWBC) Gaël Pétillon, Country Director of Lawyers without Borders Canada (LWBC)

Léo Heller, former UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation (2014-2020)

William G. O'Neill, former Chief Legal Officer of the UN International Civilian Mission in Haiti (1993-1995)

CC: Amina Mohammed, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations ; Ramsey Ben- Achour, Representative of the Special Envoy for Haiti

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